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Question: 81 Which of the following is BEST described by the statement containers that access an disks mounted on the host and have read-write access to files''? A. A risk of using privileged containers B. A benefit of container credentials C. A requirement for container isolation D. A need for container immutability Answer: C Question: 82 Which of the following BEST describes the goal of the security principle of accountability and non-repudiation? A. Neither the sender nor the recipient of information or activity can later deny the transaction took place B. Trust between two parties is enhanced by a set of practices that validate integrity of data transmissions C. Corporate reputation is maintained when practicing good authentication and data validation procedures D. Confidence between consumer and provider is achieved when users manage passwords *i a defined way Answer: B Question: 83 Visual tactile, and auditory are modalities of formal learning Which of the following is BEST described as the fourth major modality of formal learning? A. Story based B. Kinesthetic C. Demonstration D. Observe live Answer: D Question: 84 When of the following BEST describes now the security principle of validation of a userâs access and actions differ within a DevSecOps mindset versus a more traditional approach to this principle? A. The ad of validation is at the point of access B. The act of validation is at the point of request C. The act of validation is continuous and ongoing D. The act of validation focuses on credentials. Answer: C Question: 85 Which of the following is NOT a security requirement unique to mobile applications? $13$10 A. Source code must be checked for programmatic and stylistic errors B. Secrets information must be stored for secure back-end service calls C. They must be designed to run safely outside of the secure network D. Data must be kept secure to prevent leaking to other applications Answer: A Question: 86 Push new products A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 4 D. 1 and 4 Answer: B Question: 87 A. Ensures that customer input into functional requirements is translated into descriptive user stones B. Ensures that the software is designed and written to support integrity and compliance requirements C. Ensures that the Ague definition of done includes both functional and nonfunctional requirements for value D. Ensures that architectural residence is built into software design to ensure high availability requirements wrong Answer: B Question: 88 Which of the following BEST describes the meaning of DevSecOps? A. A security analysis of all software is performed prior to the release to ensure they are secure in operations. B. Security monitoring of software is performed during operations to detect security events more quickly. C. A security analysis of software is incorporated and automated throughout development and operations. D. Security events are analyzed after they occur to help understand how to prevent them in the future Answer: C Question: 89 The Open Web Application Security Project @ (OWASP) is a nonprofit and open community mat supports the goals of DevSecOps that provides many resources to the community. Which of the following BEST represents a key resource that they make available to the community? A. Security and auditing guidelines B. Open-source testing procedures $13$10 C. A maturity model for assessment D. Training and certification courses Answer: A Question: 90 DevSecOps requires many intersecting pans to collaborate and function together. Which of the following BEST describes what an organization should focus on when starting their implementation? A. Process B. Governance C. Technology D. People Answer: B $13$10 | ||||||||
When preparing for retirement, the focus tends to be on your finances. After all, you need to save enough money to cover all of your expenses, which can be a tough task. But while your savings are a very important part of your retirement planning, money isn't the only factor to focus on. As you age, the chances of needing assistance with your daily living activities increase, and if you need this care, it can be quite costly. You don't want those expenses to eat into your retirement income, so planning for the future should include the possibility of needing long-term care. And that's where long-term care insurance comes in. Long-term care insurance helps cover the expenses related to these types of services, whether you need skilled nursing, occupational therapy or help with dressing and eating. As such, this type of coverage can be a crucial component of your retirement plan. But before you purchase a long-term care insurance policy, it's essential to ask the right questions to make an informed decision. Ready to get started? Learn more about your long-term care insurance options here. 8 smart questions to ask before buying long-term care insuranceDon't purchase a long-term care insurance policy before asking these important questions: What does the long-term care insurance policy cover?Understanding the coverage of any insurance policy is vital â and that goes for long-term care insurance, too. Before you purchase a policy, be sure to inquire about the specific services and facilities covered, such as nursing homes, assisted living, home healthcare and adult day care. You should have a clear understanding of what is included and excluded from the policy to ensure that it aligns with your needs and wants. Otherwise, the policy may not do much good if you need it in the future. Find out what long-term care insurance options are available to you here. When should I purchase my long-term care insurance policy?The timing of a long-term care insurance policy is crucial, as your premiums (and policy approval) are based in large part on your age when you apply. So, be sure to explore when it's best to buy a policy, as waiting too long may result in higher premiums or potential health issues affecting eligibility. Early planning can be more cost-effective, and in many cases, the younger you are when you apply, the lower your policy costs will be. How much coverage do I need?Determining the amount of coverage you need is also an important part of purchasing a long-term care insurance policy. If you have too much coverage, you could be paying for benefits you don't need, but if you have too little coverage, you could end up paying a lot more out of pocket than expected if you need to use your policy in the future. To determine how much coverage is necessary, you may want to assess your potential long-term care needs based on factors like family health history, lifestyle and personal preferences. It may also help to consider your financial situation and decide whether you want your policy to cover the entire cost or just a portion of it. What is the benefit amount and benefit period?Before you purchase a policy, be sure to determine the maximum daily or monthly benefit the policy provides and the total benefit amount over the policy's lifetime. Understanding these details will help you gauge whether the coverage aligns with your potential long-term care costs â and if it doesn't, you can move on to a policy or insurer that better aligns with what you want and need. Are there inflation protection options?Inflation issues can erode the value of your coverage over time, as rising healthcare costs caused by inflation can quickly outpace the coverage your policy offers if you aren't careful. Luckily, many issuers offer inflation protection options as part of their policies, which typically increase your policy's benefit amounts to protect against the rising cost of care. So, as you shop for a policy, be sure to inquire about any inflation protection options offered by the insurer. This may be especially important if you're purchasing a policy when you're young and less likely to need quick access to your policy benefits. What are the waiting or elimination periods?The waiting or elimination period tied to your policy is the time you must wait after becoming eligible for benefits before coverage kicks in. Nearly every long-term care insurance policy will have some time-based restrictions in place prior to your coverage being active, and it's important to understand how that works for any policy you're considering. As you search for the right coverage, be sure to ask about the duration of the waiting period and how it may impact your out-of-pocket expenses during that time. Is home care coverage included?Many people prefer receiving care in the comfort of their homes rather than in a nursing home or assisted living facility. If you would prefer to be at home for your care, be sure to check whether the policy covers home care and find out if there are any restrictions or conditions associated with it. Are there additional riders or customization options?You should also explore any additional riders or customization options available with the policy. This could include features like shared care, where couples can pool benefits, or a return of premium rider if benefits are not used. The bottom linePurchasing long-term care insurance requires careful consideration and a thorough understanding of the policy's terms and conditions. By asking the questions outlined above, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your long-term care needs, financial situation and personal preferences. So, take the time to research and compare policies to find the one that provides the best coverage for you. If you find yourself developing a killer headache when riding an elevator with someone who was a bit generous dabbing on the perfume, you have company. More than 2 million Americans have fragrance allergies or sensitivities -- and the number is on the rise. Although that person's perfume may have been all too obvious a culprit, there are many hidden sources of fragrances, says Clifford W. Bassett, MD, medical director of Allergy & Asthma Care of New York. Bassett helped WebMD sniff out the truth about fragrance allergies. Skin care products, colognes, perfumes, moisturizers, soaps, deodorants, aftershave â all kinds of products that smell nice but contain chemicals that our immune system may not like very much. Low-allergy or hypoallergenic products may contain fragrances that aren't obvious because of a less aromatic smell. Fragrance-free products may have a "masking" fragrance added to cover up the smell of the chemicals. Also, many magazine ad inserts for perfumes and skin care products are laden with fragrance. People may actually have difficulty reading the publication as a result of the scent. In some cases, the reaction to various products can be aggravated by exposure to the sun. This is known as a photosensitivity. Most commonly, the skin is affected. There may be rash or redness, itchiness or even blistering of the face and skin as a result of daily or one-time usage of a product. Fragrance allergies can also affect the eyes, causing extreme redness, irritation, tearing and burning, and some swelling of the eyelids. Sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, headache, even breathing difficulties can also be triggered by a strong odor. Some hiring managers like to ask off-the-wall job interview questions, such as âWhat color crayon would you be?â or âHow would your archnemesis describe you?â to see how the job candidate reacts under pressure. However, most interviewers would rather ask straightforward questions that apply to relevant work experience and skills than questions designed to throw unsuspecting candidates for a loop. Below, find the most common interview questions and examples of good answers. How to answer common interview questionsQuestions about the company and positionThe interviewer has the candidateâs resume and cover letter and has likely already scoped out their social media accounts. However, the goal of the interview is to determine how good of a fit a person is for the open position. In all likelihood, every applicant has relevant experience and could be a strong candidate on paper. These hiring manager interview questions give you an opportunity to connect the dots on your resume by explaining, for example, why you chose to attend a specific university or why you left a previous position. Question: âWhy do you want to work here?â Answer: âI want to work here because what your company does aligns with my values and interests in âŚâ Explain these interests in a few short sentences. Question: What do you know about this company? Answer: I know that [founderâs name] founded the company in 2023 and that your biggest [products or services] are âŚÂ For an especially powerful answer to this common interview question, you could share what you know about how the companyâs products or services differ from competitorsâ. Question: Why are you interested in this position? Answer: Iâm interested in this position because âŚÂ Describe how the positionâs responsibilities match your interests. You should also mention how anything unique about the company ties into your interest in the position. Question: What makes you a good fit for this position? Answer: The answer to this question could be roughly the same as the one above, but replace your interests with your skills, background or other qualifications. Learning to give concise but meaningful answers is one of the most important job interview skills. Questions about your experienceJust about every resume the interviewer receives should explain the applicantâs relevant career experience. The interviewer already has a list of your previous jobs and skills, so these questions about your job experience allow you to delve deeper and be specific. Rather than reiterate the information the interviewer already has, take this opportunity to state how your previous experience would directly transfer to this new company and how that could benefit the company. Question: What did you like or dislike about your last job? Answer: I liked that I got to âŚâ Name a few favorite tasks. Donât be afraid to give details, but keep it brief. Name one thing you disliked, and keep it short. You donât want to come off as ungrateful, snobby or difficult to work with. Question: Tell me about your work experience. Answer: I got into this field with [describe your first job a bit]. I moved on to [describe your next job a bit].â If your resume is long and includes many positions, you donât need to share extensive details about each one. Focus on the most meaningful, relevant jobs youâve held. Question: Why did you leave your last job? Answer: I was ready for a change. I liked what I was doing, but I knew I was capable of more and needed to go elsewhere to achieve that growth.â Of course, if your reason is different, state your actual reason â just do what this example does and stay general but meaningful without saying anything negative. Questions about your personal attributes and characteristicsThese are some of the most notoriously difficult questions for job candidates to answer in interviews, because no one is truly comfortable talking about themselves. Interviewers know that as well, but these questions can provide valuable insights. This part of an interview is an excellent time to demonstrate how you stand out from the rest of the candidates. Providing examples of a time you overcame an obstacle at work or came up with a new system or solution the company used â for example, maybe you led the charge on custom software development â will make a lasting impression on the interviewer. Question: What are your greatest strengths and weaknesses? Answer: Iâm [give about three descriptors]. My greatest weakness is that Iâm [describe a minor weakness], and I make up for it by [describe how you address this issue and are continuing to work on it]. Never mention more than one weakness. Question: How do you interact with a team? Answer: Iâm a great team player who knows how to communicate with others, follow my supervisorâs guidance, and lead whenever necessary. Question: How do you handle stress at work? Answer: I handle stress by ⌠Discuss how you prioritize certain tasks over others, communicate if youâre feeling overworked, and remain calm through it all. Questions about your personal goalsWhen asked some of the questions listed here, candidates often spin their answers into how they can benefit the company and help achieve its goals. However, these questions are some of the most valuable an interviewer can ask, because a good fit between the potential new hire and the company is just as important, or perhaps even more important, than skills. After all, job skills can be taught via new-hire training plans. Take special care not only to explain your immediate ambitions but to illustrate how the position aligns with your long-term goals. Question: Why did you choose this career? Question: Where do you see yourself in the future? Question: What are your hobbies outside of work? Question: Why should we hire you? Rather than providing examples for all of these questions, we advise just being honest. No, you donât want to say, âIâm in this for the money,â but you do want to paint a clear vision of your career trajectory and how the employer might fit into those plans. In doing so for the first three questions, you subtly answer the fourth. Tactful honesty makes for a good job interview. Mistakes to avoid when answering popular interview questionsIn addition to using the above advice to properly answer interview questions, you should avoid the following slip-ups during your conversation. 1. Not pausing to think firstItâs OK to give yourself a few seconds to contemplate how youâll respond to an interviewerâs question. At the same time, donât pause for so long that things become awkward. Give yourself a very brief period to gather your thoughts, and then respond. This is better than diving in without thinking or, worse, rambling as you figure out what you really want to say. 2. Asking questions in returnStart asking questions only once your interviewer explicitly asks whether you have any. For the portion of the interview when youâre fielding the interviewerâs questions, answer them instead of hitting back with your own. This way, you show that youâre listening to what the interviewer is saying and that youâre capable of providing meaningful, complete responses. 3. Saying anything you donât know to be trueNobody knows everything, and most people are aware of this. If you donât know something, itâs better to say so than to lie or otherwise falsely try to appear informed. However, itâs wise to accompany your admission of not knowing with a meaningful statement that reflects the expertise you do have. For instance, suppose an interviewer for a social media role asks you how youâd use LinkedIn to market a company via sponsored updates. The problem is, youâve only created standard posts on LinkedIn to market to businesses. Instead of answering the question with hypotheticals or pretending you have relevant experience, be honest and open to learning. Hereâs an example of what you could say: âI havenât yet used LinkedIn sponsored updates for business marketing, but Iâd be excited to take on this role for [companyâs name]. Iâm confident my previous experience with creating non-sponsored LinkedIn posts to market to businesses would provide me with a strong foundation for learning this new skill.â 4. Interrupting your interviewerNobody likes being cut off, so instead of interrupting your interviewer to clarify a question, wait until theyâve finished asking. Then, ask for clarification. Youâll get what you need without irking the interviewer. Plus, youâll display patience, and thatâs a great asset for any team member. 5. Getting upset or expressing other negative emotionsYou might feel flustered if you encounter questions youâre not prepared to answer, but keep that to yourself. A job interview simply isnât the place to express anger or any sort of negative emotions. In fact, even when youâre talking about negatives such as your weaknesses, positive delivery is key. A negative disposition can make for a poor first impression, lessening your chances of advancing to the next round of the application process. Interviewing is a two-way streetWhether you are currently seeking a new position or do not intend to go into interviews for quite some time, you will benefit by being prepared to answer them thoroughly. Remember that an interview goes both ways; you need to find out if the position and company will be a good fit for you as well. As such, donât be afraid to ask questions of your own, to request clarifications, or to return to an earlier question if the relevant information didnât come to you in time. Interviewers are human too, and they understand that no one is perfect, especially in stressful situations. Good luck out there. One thing I love about editing the Ask Well column is the camaraderie of it. Every week we answer a health question: Why am I so congested all the time? (Iâve wondered that, too!) Why does my sleep get worse as I age? (Iâm right there with you.) Is my coffee habit in need of an intervention? (Pour me another while we figure it out.) When I survey our inbox, Iâm amazed at what comes in â questions that cover the joys, agonies, confusions and vulnerabilities of being a person. And luckily for us all, we get to seek out the answers. Here are 10 of the most popular health questions of 2023. The answer depends on your hair texture, how oily it is, whether itâs color-treated and more. âWhile it may seem that getting the scalp squeaky clean and without any oils is optimal,â said Dr. Murad Alam, a dermatologist at Northwestern University, âkeep in mind that the scalp is a living part of your body, and not a dinner plate in your dishwasher.â Harun Ozalp | Anadolu | Getty Images The free version of ChatGPT may provide inaccurate or incomplete responses â or no answer at all â to questions related to medications, which could potentially endanger patients who use OpenAI's viral chatbot, a new study released Tuesday suggests. Pharmacists at Long Island University who posed 39 questions to the free ChatGPT in May deemed that only 10 of the chatbot's responses were "satisfactory" based on criteria they established. ChatGPT's responses to the 29 other drug-related questions did not directly address the question asked, or were inaccurate, incomplete or both, the study said. The study indicates that patients and health-care professionals should be cautious about relying on ChatGPT for drug information and verify any of the responses from the chatbot with trusted sources, according to lead author Sara Grossman, an associate professor of pharmacy practice at LIU. For patients, that can be their doctor or a government-based medication information website such as the National Institutes of Health's MedlinePlus, she said. An OpenAI spokesperson said the company guides ChatGPT to inform users that they "should not rely on its responses as a substitute for professional medical advice or traditional care." The spokesperson also shared a section of OpenAI's usage policy, which states that the company's "models are not fine-tuned to provide medical information." People should never use ChatGPT to provide diagnostic or treatment services for serious medical conditions, the usage policy said. ChatGPT was widely seen as the fastest-growing consumer internet app of all time following its launch roughly a year ago, which ushered in a breakout year for artificial intelligence. But along the way, the chatbot has also raised concerns about issues including fraud, intellectual property, discrimination and misinformation. Several studies have highlighted similar instances of erroneous responses from ChatGPT, and the Federal Trade Commission in July opened an investigation into the chatbot's accuracy and consumer protections. In October, ChatGPT drew around 1.7 billion visits worldwide, according to one analysis. There is no data on how many users ask medical questions of the chatbot. Notably, the free version of ChatGPT is limited to using data sets through September 2021 â meaning it could lack significant information in the rapidly changing medical landscape. It's unclear how accurately the paid versions of ChatGPT, which began to use real-time internet browsing earlier this year, can now answer medication-related questions.  Grossman acknowledged there's a chance that a paid version of ChatGPT would have produced better study results. But she said that the research focused on the free version of the chatbot to replicate what more of the general population uses and can access. She added that the study provided only "one snapshot" of the chatbot's performance from earlier this year. It's possible that the free version of ChatGPT has improved and may produce better results if the researchers conducted a similar study now, she added. Grossman noted that the research, which was presented at the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists' annual meeting on Tuesday, did not require any funding. ASHP represents pharmacists across the U.S. in a variety of health-care settings. The study used real questions posed to Long Island University's College of Pharmacy drug information service from January 2022 to April of this year. In May, pharmacists researched and answered 45 questions, which were then reviewed by a second researcher and used as the standard for accuracy against ChatGPT. Researchers excluded six questions because there was no literature available to provide a data-driven response. ChatGPT did not directly address 11 questions, according to the study. The chatbot also gave inaccurate responses to 10 questions, and wrong or incomplete answers to another 12. For each question, researchers asked ChatGPT to provide references in its response so that the information provided could be verified. However, the chatbot provided references in only eight responses, and each included sources that don't exist. One question asked ChatGPT about whether a drug interaction â or when one medication interferes with the effect of another when taken together â exists between Pfizer's Covid antiviral pill Paxlovid and the blood-pressure-lowering medication verapamil. ChatGPT indicated that no interactions had been reported for that combination of drugs. In reality, those medications have the potential to excessively lower blood pressure when taken together.  "Without knowledge of this interaction, a patient may suffer from an unwanted and preventable side effect," Grossman said. Grossman noted that U.S. regulators first authorized Paxlovid in December 2021. That's a few months before the September 2021 data cutoff for the free version of ChatGPT, which means the chatbot has access to limited information on the drug. Still, Grossman called that a concern. Many Paxlovid users may not know the data is out of date, which leaves them vulnerable to receiving inaccurate information from ChatGPT. Another question asked ChatGPT how to convert doses between two different forms of the drug baclofen, which can treat muscle spasms. The first form was intrathecal, or when medication is injected directly into the spine, and the second form was oral. Grossman said her team found that there is no established conversion between the two forms of the drug and it differed in the various published cases they examined. She said it is "not a simple question." But ChatGPT provided only one method for the dose conversion in response, which was not supported by evidence, along with an example of how to that conversion. Grossman said the example had a serious error: ChatGPT incorrectly displayed the intrathecal dose in milligrams instead of micrograms Any health-care professional who follows that example to determine an appropriate dose conversion "would end up with a dose that's 1,000 times less than it should be," Grossman said. She added that patients who receive a far smaller dose of the medicine than they should be getting could experience a withdrawal effect, which can involve hallucinations and seizures ChatGPT has been found to have shared inaccurate information regarding drug usage, according to new research. In a study led by Long Island University (LIU) in Brooklyn, New York, nearly 75% of drug-related, pharmacist-reviewed responses from the generative AI chatbot were found to be incomplete or wrong. In some cases, ChatGPT, which was developed by OpenAI in San Francisco and released in late 2022, provided "inaccurate responses that could endanger patients," the American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP), headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, stated in a press release. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? ChatGPT also generated "fake citations" when asked to cite references to support some responses, the same study also found. Along with her team, lead study author Sara Grossman, PharmD, associate professor of pharmacy practice at LIU, asked the AI chatbot real questions that were originally posed to LIUâs College of Pharmacy drug information service between 2022 and 2023. Of the 39 questions posed to ChatGPT, only 10 responses were deemed "satisfactory," according to the research team's criteria. The study findings were presented at ASHPâs Midyear Clinical Meeting from Dec. 3 to Dec. 7 in Anaheim, California. Grossman, the lead author, shared her initial reaction to the study's findings with Fox News Digital. BREAST CANCER BREAKTHROUGH: AI PREDICTS A THIRD OF CASES PRIOR TO DIAGNOSIS IN MAMMOGRAPHY STUDY Since "we had not used ChatGPT previously, we were surprised by ChatGPTâs ability to provide quite a bit of background information about the medication and/or disease state relevant to the question within a matter of seconds," she said via email. "Despite that, ChatGPT did not generate accurate and/or complete responses that directly addressed most questions." Grossman also mentioned her surprise that ChatGPT was able to generate "fabricated references to support the information provided." In one example she cited from the study, ChatGPT was asked if "a drug interaction exists between Paxlovid, an antiviral medication used as a treatment for COVID-19, and verapamil, a medication used to lower blood pressure." The AI model responded that no interactions had been reported with this combination. But in reality, Grossman said, the two drugs pose a potential threat of "excessive lowering of blood pressure" when combined. "Without knowledge of this interaction, a patient may suffer from an unwanted and preventable side effect," she warned.
ChatGPT should not be considered an "authoritative source of medication-related information," Grossman emphasized. "Anyone who uses ChatGPT should make sure to verify information obtained from trusted sources â namely pharmacists, physicians or other health care providers," Grossman added. The LIU study did not evaluate the responses of other generative AI platforms, Grossman pointed out â so there isnât any data on how other AI models would perform under the same condition. "Regardless, it is always important to consult with health care professionals before using information that is generated by computers, which are not familiar with a patientâs specific needs," she said. Usage policy by ChatGPTFox News Digital reached out to OpenAI, the developer of ChatGPT, for comment on the new study. OpenAI has a usage policy that disallows use for medical instruction, a company spokesperson previously told Fox News Digital in a statement. "OpenAIâs models are not fine-tuned to provide medical information. You should never use our models to provide diagnostic or treatment services for serious medical conditions," the company spokesperson stated earlier this year. "OpenAIâs platforms should not be used to triage or manage life-threatening issues that need immediate attention."
The company also requires that when using ChatGPT to interface with patients, health care providers "must provide a disclaimer to users informing them that AI is being used and of its potential limitations." In addition, as Fox News Digital previously noted, one big caveat is that ChatGPTâs source of data is the internet â and there is plenty of misinformation on the web, as most people are aware. Thatâs why the chatbotâs responses, however convincing they may sound, should always be vetted by a doctor. Additionally, ChatGPT was only "trained" on data up to September 2021, according to multiple sources. While it can increase its knowledge over time, it has limitations in terms of serving up more recent information. Last month, CEO Sam Altman reportedly announced that OpenAI's ChatGPT had gotten an upgrade â and would soon be trained on data up to April 2023. âInnovative potentialâDr. Harvey Castro, a Dallas, Texas-based board-certified emergency medicine physician and national speaker on AI in health care, weighed in on the "innovative potential" that ChatGPT offers in the medical arena. "For general inquiries, ChatGPT can provide quick, accessible information, potentially reducing the workload on health care professionals," he told Fox News Digital. "ChatGPT's machine learning algorithms allow it to improve over time, especially with proper reinforcement learning mechanisms," he also said. ChatGPTâs recently reported response inaccuracies, however, pose a "critical issue" with the program, the AI expert pointed out. "This is particularly concerning in high-stakes fields like medicine," Castro said. Another potential risk is that ChatGPT has been shown to "hallucinate" information â meaning it might generate plausible but false or unverified content, Castro warned. CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR HEALTH NEWSLETTER "This is dangerous in medical settings where accuracy is paramount," said Castro.
AI "currently lacks the deep, nuanced understanding of medical contexts" possessed by human health care professionals, Castro added. "While ChatGPT shows promise in health care, its current limitations, particularly in handling drug-related queries, underscore the need for cautious implementation." Speaking as an ER physician and AI health care consultant, Castro emphasized the "invaluable" role that medical professionals have in "guiding and critiquing this evolving technology." CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP "Human oversight remains indispensable, ensuring that AI tools like ChatGPT are used as supplements rather than replacements for professional medical judgment," Castro added. Melissa Rudy of Fox News Digital contributed reporting. CNN  â ChatGPT might not be a cure-all for answers to medical questions, a new study suggests. Researchers at Long Island University posed 39 medication-related queries to the free version of the artificial intelligence chatbot, all of which were real questions from the universityâs College of Pharmacy drug information service. The softwareâs answers were then compared with responses written and reviewed by trained pharmacists. The study found that ChatGPT provided accurate responses to only about 10 of the questions, or about a quarter of the total. For the other 29 prompts, the answers were incomplete or inaccurate, or they did not address the questions. The findings were presented Tuesday at the annual meeting of the American Society for Health-Systems Pharmacists in Anaheim, California. ChatGPT, OpenAIâs experimental AI chatbot, was released in November 2022 and became the fastest-growing consumer application in history, with nearly 100 million people registering within two months. Given that popularity, the researchersâ interest was sparked by concern that their students, other pharmacists and ordinary consumers would turn to resources like ChatGPT to explore questions about their health and medication plans, said Sara Grossman, an associate professor of pharmacy practice at Long Island University and one of the studyâs authors. Those queries, they found, often yielded inaccurate â or even dangerous â responses. In one question, for example, researchers asked ChatGPT whether the Covid-19 antiviral medication Paxlovid and the blood-pressure lowering medication verapamil would react with each other in the body. ChatGPT responded that taking the two medications together would yield no adverse effects. In reality, people who take both medications might have a large drop in blood pressure, which can cause dizziness and fainting. For patients taking both, clinicians often create patient-specific plans, including lowering the dose of verapamil or cautioning the person to get up slowly from a sitting position, Grossman said. ChatGPTâs guidance, she added, would have put people in harmâs way. âUsing ChatGPT to address this question would put a patient at risk for an unwanted and preventable drug interaction,â Grossman wrote in an email to CNN. When the researchers asked the chatbot for scientific references to support each of its responses, they found that the software could provide them for only eight of the questions they asked. And in each case, they were surprised to find that ChatGPT was fabricating references. At first glance, the citations looked legitimate: They were often formatted appropriately, provided URLs and were listed under legitimate scientific journals. But when the team attempted to find the referenced articles, they realized that ChatGPT had given them fictional citations. In one case, the researchers asked ChatGPT how to convert spinal injection doses of the muscle spasm medication baclofen to corresponding oral doses. Grossmanâs team could not find a scientifically established dose conversion ratio, but ChatGPT put forth a single conversion rate and cited two medical organizationsâ guidance, she said. However, neither organization provides any official guidance on the dose conversion rate. In fact, the conversion factor that ChatGPT suggested had never been scientifically established. The software also provided an example calculation for the dose conversion but with a critical mistake: It mixed up units when calculating the oral dose, throwing off the dose recommendation by a factor of 1,000. If that guidance was followed by a health care professional, Grossman said, they might give a patient an oral baclofen dose 1,000 times lower than required, which could cause withdrawal symptoms like hallucinations and seizures. âThere were numerous errors and âproblemsâ with this response and ultimately, it could have a profound impact on patient care,â she wrote. The Long Island University study is not the first to raise concerns about ChatGPTâs fictional citations. Previous research has also documented that, when asked medical questions, ChatGPT can create deceptive forgeries of scientific references, even listing the names of real authors with previous publications in scientific journals. Grossman, who had worked little with the software before the study, was surprised by how confidently ChatGPT was able to synthesize information nearly instantaneously, answers that would take trained professionals hours to compile. âThe responses were phrased in a very professional and sophisticated manner, and it just seemed it can contribute to a sense of confidence in the accuracy of the tool,â she said. âA user, a consumer, or others that may not be able to discern can be swayed by the appearance of authority.â A spokesperson for OpenAI, the organization that develops ChatGPT, said it advises users not to rely on responses as a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. The spokesperson pointed to ChatGPTâs usage policies, which indicate that âOpenAIâs models are not fine-tuned to provide medical information.â The policy also states that the models should never be used to provide âdiagnostic or treatment services for serious medical conditions.â Although Grossman was unsure of how many people use ChatGPT to address medication questions, she raised concerns that they could use the chatbot like they would search for medical advice on search engines like Google. âPeople are always looking for instantaneous responses when they have this at their fingertips,â Grossman said. âI think that this is just another approach of using âDr. Googleâ and other seemingly easy methods of obtaining information.â For online medical information, she recommended that consumers use governmental websites that provide reputable information, like the National Institutes of Healthâs MedlinePlus page. Still, Grossman doesnât believe that online answers can replace the advice of a health care professional. â[Websites are] maybe one starting point, but they can take their providers out of the picture when looking for information about medications that are directly applicable to them,â she said. âBut it may not be applicable to the patients themselves because of their personal case, and every patient is different. So the authority here should not be removed from the picture: the healthcare professional, the prescriber, the patientâs physicians.â President Biden ignored reporter questions on Wednesday shortly after his son, Hunter, defied a congressional subpoena regarding the family's business dealings. The president's scheduled news conference before a meeting of his National Infrastructure Advisory Council was delayed for more than an hour Wednesday until Biden made an appearance, walking out to address members of the press gathered to hear the commander in chief speak from the White House. Earlier in the day, Hunter Biden had arrived on Capitol Hill â not to comply with his subpoena and be deposed by the House Oversight Committee but instead to hold a press conference and again offer to testify publicly. He maintained that his father "was not financially involved" in his business, saying there is "no evidence because it did not happen." At the White House, President Biden joked with the waiting press to "please say seated," before staying on script about this administration's infrastructure initiatives. "Last year, I asked this council to ensure that resilience is built into all of our infrastructure projects, including critical sectors like energy, communications, transportation and health care. Together, you delivered, especially on these key challenges," Biden said. "Today, I'm looking forward to hearing about new projects this council will pursue in the coming years as well. So thank you all for being here. I'm just going to ask the press to step out so we can begin our briefing. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you." Fox News' Peter Doocy could be heard repeatedly shouting to Biden, "Mr. President, did you watch Hunter this morning?" Over the sound of clamoring press, another reporter was heard asking, "Mr. President, should your son have defied the subpoena?" Yet, Biden looked at the press and walked away from the podium. Biden at the top of his brief remarks championed how two years ago he "signed into law a once-in a-generation investment in our nation's infrastructure and â to fix our roads, railroads, bridges, ports, airports, remove every single lead pipe in the country and extend high-speed internet, advance clean energy, and modernize the electric grid â energy grid." "Already, we've announced over 40,000 projects in 4,500 communities all across our country. And when folks see these big projects in their hometowns, when they see the cranes up in the air, the shovels in the ground, I really think â coming from an area that was shut down, up in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the steel mill in Claymont, Delaware â I think it brings them hope," Biden said. "Because it's not just about building an infrastructure. It's about building better infrastructure, stronger infrastructure, infrastructure to withstand 21st century challenges from climate change, cyberattacks to natural disasters to foreign threats, and so much more." The House is expected to vote Wednesday on a resolution to formalize the Biden impeachment inquiry, as Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., and Republican leadership have accused the White House of "stonewalling" their investigations into the president's alleged involvement in his son Hunter's business dealings. On Capitol Hill on Wednesday, Hunter Biden railed against  "MAGA" Republicans who have "invaded" his privacy, "attacked" his family and "ridiculed my struggle with addiction." CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP House Republicans say the Justice Department has refused to allow two attorneys to testify before the House Judiciary Committee. They claim the White House sent House Oversight and Accountability Chair Rep. James Comer, R-Ky., and House Judiciary Chair Rep. Jim Jordan, R-Ohio, a letter saying they have no intention of complying with GOP subpoenas and requests for interviews without a formal vote, and the National Archives has withheld thousands of pages of documents and emails. Fox News' Brooke Singman contributed to this report. Editorâs note: Rep. Jamie Raskin represents Marylandâs 8th Congressional District and is the ranking Democrat on the House Oversight and Accountability Committee. A professor of constitutional law for 25 years at American University Washington College of Law, he was the lead impeachment manager in President Donald Trumpâs second impeachment and a member of the House select committee investigating the January 6, 2021, attack on the US Capitol. He is the author of several books, including âUnthinkable: Trauma, Truth and the Trials of American Democracy.â The following column is adapted from Raskinâs posts on the social media site X, formerly Twitter, that he addressed to GOP Rep. Elise Stefanik following her questioning of university presidents at a congressional hearing on antisemitism on college campuses. The views expressed in this commentary are his own. View more opinion on CNN. CNN  â Dear Rep. Stefanik: Last week you challenged Ivy League presidents to denounce antisemitism with âmoral clarityâ by answering some yes/no questions. Dissatisfied with their answers, you have agitated for their removal. University of Pennsylvania President Liz Magill stepped down after fierce criticism of her testimony on Capitol Hill, while Harvard University President Claudine Gay and MIT President Sally Kornbluth have faced similar calls to resign for their own legalistic and tone-deaf answers to your questions about people âcalling for the genocide of Jews.â We can all agree that the college presidents who appeared before your committee failed basic tests of common sense and âmoral clarityâ when they struggled to answer your yes-no questions. But your sharply focused inquiry now invites a broader discussion about the moral responsibilities of leadership when confronting antisemitism. What do you think about tolerance for antisemitism by people who want to be presidentânot of a college in New England but of the United States itself? Following your simple yes/no format, I present five easy questions for you to address with âmoral clarityâ on presidential tolerance forâand indeed active embrace ofâantisemitism. (Please avoid all the waffling, evasion and equivocation you rightfully denounced in the college presidents.) 1. Is a candidate qualified to be president who hosted at his home for dinner Nick Fuentes, an avowedly pro-Hitler, Holocaust revisionist calling for a âholy warâ against the Jewish people, and Kanye West, who vowed to go âdeath con 3â against Jews? Yes or no, Ms. Stefanik? 2. Will you support for president a candidate who proclaimed that there were âvery fine people on both sidesâ of the antisemitic and racist riot that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017? Yes or no, Ms. Stefanik? To refresh your memory, this was the violence that began with neo-Nazis chanting âJews will not replace usâ outside a local synagogue and ended with the murder of Heather Heyer by a violent white supremacist in a car. 3. Would you support a presidential candidate whose final 2016 TV ad paired images of George Soros, Lloyd Blankfein and Janet Yellen, three prominent Jews, with voice-over about âglobal special interestsâ who âdonât have your good in mindâ? Yes or no, Ms. Stefanik? 4. Do you regret endorsing Donald Trump for president in 2016 just days after he tweeted an image of the Star of David superimposed over Hillary Clintonâs face and a thick pile of cash? Yes or no, Ms. Stefanik? 5. Are you prepared to renounce the antisemitic âgreat replacement theoryââwhich you have previously dabbled in and echoed in campaignsâwhich inspired the perpetrators of Pittsburghâs Tree of Life synagogue, Buffalo, New York, supermarket and El Paso Walmart massacres? Yes or no, Ms. Stefanik? Get Our Free Weekly NewsletterSurely you have the âmoral clarityâ and ethical consistency to oppose antisemitism both on campus and in government. And surely you wouldnât want people to believe that you only denounce antisemitism when it comes from outside your political partyâwould you? I very much look forward to receiving your easy yes/no answers. Very truly yours, Jamie Raskin (On Monday, Stefanik responded on X to Raskin, not specifically answering any of his five questions, but listing what she viewed as Trumpâs accomplishments: âThanks for asking @jamie_raskin, the answer is simple: President Trump was the best friend Jewish people have had in the White House in modern times.â) | ||||||||
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